(Mishnah): One may not make Terumah dates into honey, apples into wine, winter grapes into vinegar or change any other fruit of Terumah or Maaser Sheni from its natural state with the exception of olives and grapes.

One only incurs 40 lashes for Orlah for the juices of olives and grapes. The only juices that one may bring as Bikurim are those of olives and grapes.

Only the juices of olives and grapes cause something to be susceptible to Tumah. The only juice brought on the altar is that of olives and grapes.

The stems of figs, dried figs, Kelusim figs and carobs of Terumah are prohibited to non-Kohanim.

(Gemara) (R. Ila citing R. Elazar): (The Mishnah taught that the only juices that one may bring as Bikurim are those of olives and grapes. However, a Mishnah in Maseches Challah 4:11 taught that Yosef HaKohen brought his Bikurim in the form of wine and it wasn't accepted.) Our Mishnah's meaning is - one may not make Bikurim into juices except for olives and grapes, even after the Kohen has acquired them.

Rebuttal (Baraisa): If a person pressed Bikurim (of grapes or olives) to bring their juices (to the Temple), from where do we know that this is valid? The pasuk states (Devarim 26:2) "(That you shall take of the first of all the fruit of the ground, which) you will bring (from your land)''. (If so, why wasn't Yosef HaKohen's Bikurim accepted?)

Answer: The Baraisa permits it (only) when he picked them planning to crush them.

(Tosefta) (R. Meir): Tahor Terumah olives may be made into oil but not Tamei Terumah olives. Terumah grapes, whether Tamei or Tahor may not be made into wine.

(R. Yaakov citing R. Meir): Both R. Eliezer and R. Yehoshua agree that one may make Tahor Terumah olives into oil. They disagree over Tamei olives - R. Eliezer prohibits it and R. Yehoshua permits it. However, Tahor grapes but not Tamei grapes may be made into wine.

(R. Yudan): R. Eliezer and R. Yehoshua agree over Tahor olives but disagree over Tamei olives. R. Eliezer prohibits it and R. Yehoshua permits it. And as for grapes - whether they are Tahor or Tamei, he may make it.

(Rebbi): R. Eliezer and R. Yehoshua agree that he may make it from Tahor olives and from Tamei grapes he may not make it. They disagree over Tamei olives and Tahor grapes - R. Eliezer prohibits it and R. Yehoshua permits it.

The other Tanaim disagree with R. Meir according to the first Tana about Tahor grapes and they say that according to R. Yehoshua, they may be made into wine.

And why does R. Meir prohibit it? Since the juice is more susceptible to Tumah than when in solid form (as a food needs to get intentionally wet in order to be able to contract Tumah).

And the other Tanaim disagree with R. Yudan about Tamei grapes and they say that it may not be made into wine.

And why does R. Yudan permit it? In order to be able to use the shells and pits as firewood.

Tamei olives - Rebbi and R. Meir both prohibit making oil from them. R. Yaakov and R. Yehuda both permit it. So what is the Halacha? (The Gemara leaves this question unanswered.)

(R. Zeira citing R. Elazar): (The Mishnah taught that stems of figs of Terumah are prohibited to non-Kohanim.) The Mishnah is discussing when the stems are mixed with food (which is a normal way to eat).

Whenever R. Zeira makes a statement in Terumos and Taharos, it's always in the name of R. Elazar.

Terumah pits - when the Kohen collects them (as they have value to him), they are prohibited (to non-Kohanim). If he discarded them, they are permitted. The same is true for the bones of sacrifices.

Coarse bran is permitted. Bran - of new wheat is prohibited; of old wheat is permitted.

One may refine Terumah in the same as one treats Chulin (even though he is discarding a portion of it through sifting).

If one sifts one or two Kav from a Se'ah, he should not discard the rest (that the sifter retained); rather he should put it in a hidden place.

If a storeroom was emptied of its Terumah wheat, the owner is not obligated to collect each grain; rather, he should sweep there in the regular way and he may then store Chulin there.

Similarly, if a barrel of oil was spilled, the owner is not obligated to scoop it up; rather he can treat it like Chulin.

If a person pours Terumah (wine or oil) from jug to jug, after the last three drops, he may put Chulin into the jug. But if (after the last three drops) he instead tips the jug on its side and there is still liquid that collects, it is still considered Terumah.

How much Terumas Maaser of Demai must there be to require him to take it to the Kohen? 1/64th of a Log.

(Gemara) (R. Yochanan): The Mishnah's case of Terumah pits refers to pear and Crustomlin pear pits (that are edible).

(R. Elazar): It could even be referring to (hard) date pits and the prohibition is to suck the moisture from it.

Question: But the Mishnah also taught about bones of sacrifices. Could that case be referring to sucking the marrow? (It's known that the marrow of sacrifices are like its flesh, so how could the Mishnah permit them if he discarded them!)

Rather, it must be referring to the tops of the wings and the cartilage (which are semi-edible).

(R. Abahu citing R. Yochanan): Yes; it's referring to the tops of the wings and the cartilage.

(Tosefta): (The Mishnah taught that bran of new wheat is prohibited and of old wheat is permitted.) What's considered new? As long as people still hit it in the threshing floor.

(R. Acha): Until 30 days after it's harvested.

(R. Abahu citing R. Yochanan): (The Mishnah taught that if one sifts one or two Kav from a Se'ah, he should not discard the rest...) The Mishnah's teaching applies specifically to one or two Kav, but not more.

Question (Baraisa): One may sift any amount of flour and remove any amount of inferior leaves of vegetables...?

(R. Abahu citing R. Yochanan): The Baraisa means that one may even remove all of the leaves until the central stem.

Answer (R. Yirmiyah citing R. Ila): Only one or two Kav are permitted in a year of famine and more is permitted in a year of plenty.

(Mishnah in Maseches Eduyos): Bitter watermelon pits and inferior leaves of Terumah - R. Dosa permits them to non-Kohanim and the Chachamim prohibit them.

(R. Abahu citing R. Yochanan): They disagree over leaves removed by gardeners (since they often remove even edible leaves), but when removed by regular householders, even the Chachamim permit it.

(R. Bun): Isn't it logical to say (that R. Dosa permits leaves removed by gardeners) specifically if they are Terumah Gedolah, but as for Terumas Maaser, no more leaves may be detached, aside from the leaves he detached before it was declared as Terumas Maaser. And no stalks may be detached aside from those that were detached before it was declared as Terumas Maaser. (Terumas Maaser is exactly 1/10th of the Maaser Rishon of the crop and the owner certainly intended to include the inferior leaves and stalks as part of the Terumas Maaser.)