(Mishnah): If one extinguished a Ner due to Nochrim or bandits, due to melancholy [when he can see], or to enable a Choleh (sick person) to sleep, he is exempt;

If he extinguished to save the Ner [from breaking], or to save oil or the wick, he is liable.

R. Yosi exempts in every case, except for saving the wick, for he makes a singed wick (which lights better).

(Gemara - R. Shmuel bar Rav Yitzchak): Due to Nochrim is a case of danger. Due to bandits is a case of danger.

Question (R. Yosi): If it is due to bandits of danger, it should teach that it is permitted!

Answer (Rabanan of Kisarin citing R. Yosi ben Chanina): [Indeed, the text of our Mishnah says] "it is permitted.''

Question: What is the difference between saving from what is in a lamp, and saving from what is a [burning] house? (A Mishnah below (16:2) permits the latter.)

Answer (Rabanan of Kisarin citing R. Shila of Yinveh): Saving oil from a [burning] wick is different than saving from outside the wick. (The former dims the lamp, but the latter does not. We explained this like PNEI MEIR.)

(R. Yochanan): R. Yosi and R. Shimon - both of them said the same matter;

Just like R. Yosi said that [one is liable] only if he needs [to extinguish for] the wick itself, so R. Shimon said that [one is liable for a Melachah] only if he needs the [Melachah] itself (Tzerichah l'Gufah).

Question: What need is there for [improving] the wick itself?

Answer (Rabanan of Kisarin citing R. Lazar citing R. Chanina): Servants of craftsmen are Mecharech it.

What is "they are Mecharech it''? They singe it, like it says "u'Se'ar Reishhon Lo Hischarech.''

(Mishnah): All who ruin are exempt, except for one who burns and one makes a wound.

(Bar Kapara): Even if he does not need the blood or ashes [one who burns or wounds is liable].

(R. Yochanan): [He is liable] only if he needs the blood or needs the ashes.

Question (against R. Yochanan - Mishnah): If one's ox burned a stack on Shabbos, [the owner] is liable. If he burned a stack on Shabbos, he is exempt [from paying, for he is Chayav Misah] is liable;

His ox burned a stack on Shabbos, [the owner] is liable - was this not without need?! Here, similarly if he burned a stack on Shabbos, even if he did not need [the ashes], he is Chayav Misah!

And a Beraisa teaches that anyone who is Chayav Misah, he is exempt from payment!

Answer (R. Chananyah brei d'R. Hillel): Since [even] if it was needed, he would be Chayav Misah, therefore, even without a need, he is exempt from payment. (We explained this like RAMBAN, SHA'AREI TORAS ERETZ YISRAEL)

Source: We learn from "Makeh Behemah Yeshalmenah u'Makeh Adam Yumas'' - just like one who strikes an animal, we do not distinguish Shogeg and Mezid, [and always] obligate paying money, also one who strikes a person, we do not distinguish Shogeg and Mezid, [and always] exempt from paying.

Question: This is difficult for Bar Kaparah! Burning teaches about all the Melachos. (A verse explicitly forbids burning, to teach that just like one is liable for it by itself, one who forgot and did many Melachos brings a Chatas for each. How can it be that) all [other Melachos, one is liable only if] they were needed, and it (burning, one is liable Ever Min ha'Chai) without need?!

Answer (R. Yosi): [Bar Kapara] does not hold like R. Yochanan, who says that burning teaches about all the Melachos. H.e holds like R. Lazar, for R. Lazar said that it teaches about itself [that burning is only a Lav, and one is not Chayav Misah for it].

Question: Does R. Lazar not hold that one is liable for each Melachah?!

Answer: It was found taught in the name of R. Lazar "Achas'' obligates for each Melachah (when he forgot multiple Melachos. We explained this like SHA'AREI TORAS ERETZ YISRAEL.)

Question: Granted, [we explained] burning. However, wounding [is a Toldah of Shechitah. It is unreasonable that] its Av, [one is liable only] for a need, and it (wounding, one is liable) even not for a need!

Answer (R. Yosi bei R. Bun): R. Lazar and R. Yochanan argued about this. One said that Shechitah is primary (the Av) and wounding is the Toldah, and the other says oppositely.