ERUVIN 77 (7 Cheshvan) - Dedicated in honor of the Yahrzeit of ha'Gaon Rav Meir Shapiro (niftar 5694/1933), founder of the renowned Yeshivas Chachmei Lublin, representative of the Jewish community in the Polish parliament, and creator of the DAFYOMI STUDY CYCLE (see www.dafyomi.co.il/dafyomi.htm for more) - may he entreat before Hash-m's holy throne for the complete redemption of Klal Yisrael, speedily in our days!. Dedicated by Mr. and Mrs. Shmuel Kovacs of Ramat Beit Shemesh, Israel; may the great Gaon be a Melitz Yosher for the Kovacs children to grow up with love of Torah and Yir'as Shamayim and succeed in all that they do.

1)

(a)What did Rav Dimi quote Rebbi Yochanan as saying with regard to a Makom Petur which serves as a source for his previous statement (that both owners are permitted to carry on to a wall between two courtyards, which is less than four Tefachim wide, and to eat there?

(b)Rav disagrees with Rebbi Yochanan in our Sugya. Does that mean that he also disagrees with his ruling regarding a Makom Petur?

1)

(a)Rav Dimi quotes Rebbi Yochanan as saying - that both people in the Reshus ha'Rabim and in the Reshus ha'Yachid are permitted to put down heavy objects on to an area in between the two Reshuyos that is less than four by four Tefachim (provided they do not exploit the situation by putting them down from one Reshus and then taking them into the other - though this prohibition will not apply in our case, as we explained above).

(b)Rav agrees with Rebbi Yochanan - by Reshuyos d'Oraysa, and the reason that he is strict here in our Sugya (with regard to the top of the wall) is because we are dealing with Reshuyos de'Rabbanan (since they are both Reshuyos ha'Yachid), and Rav holds that Chazal needed to safeguard their own laws more so than they did Torah-laws.

2)

(a)What does Rav Nachman mean when he says that if a wall is ten Tefachim higher than one Chatzer, but less from the upper-level one that adjoins it, one gives it to the latter Chatzer, and why is that?

(b)The same applies to a ditch that is ten Tefachim deep from the one Chatzer, but less from the lower-level adjoining Chatzer. Why does Rav Nachman need to teach us both cases? Why would we not know the one from the other?

2)

(a)When Rav Nachman says that if a wall is ten Tefachim high from one Chatzer, but less from the upper-level Chatzer that adjoins it, one gives it to the latter Chatzer - he means to say that it is the Chatzer that has easier access to the wall whose residents are permitted to use it, and not those other Chatzer.

(b)Had Rav Nachman taught his Din only by a wall - we would have restricted it to a wall, since a low wall really is easy to use; whereas a shallow ditch, which may well be easier to use than a deep one, but not easy. Consequently, we would not have applied his Din to a ditch. And had he taught his Din by a ditch, we would have confined it to a ditch, where one has no reason to be afraid; whereas by a wall, where there is reason to be afraid that the objects which he places there may fall off (a fear which is equally applicable to a low wall as to a high one), perhaps we will not give it to either Chatzer.

3)

(a)What will be the Din, if one reduces the height of the wall by fixing an object that is less than four Tefachim long to the foot of the wall? May one use the top section of wall directly above that point?

(b)What will be the Din if he reduces the height of the wall by removing a small section less than four Tefachim across from the top? Why is the Din here different than that of the previous case?

3)

(a)If one reduces the height of the wall by fixing an object that is less than four Tefachim long to the foot of the wall - the Gemara initially maintained that one is permitted to one use the section of wall, that is above that point. It concludes however, that since it does not permit using the entire wall (because it is not considered a Pesach), it is Batel to the wall and one may not even use the wall above that point either.

(b)But if he removes a section less than four Tefachim long, from the top of the wall - that section is not considered a Reshus but a Makom Petur, and he is permitted to use it.

4)

(a)Under which conditions will a large overturned dish (which is four by four Tefachim) placed at the foot of the wall, be effective to serve as a Pesach?

(b)Why will the fact that it has a lip (that now contains earth which will inevitably be pulled up when the dish is pulled out of the earth) not suffice, to render it fixed to the ground?

4)

(a)A large overturned dish (which is four by four Tefachim) placed at the foot of the wall, will be effective as a Pesach only if it is properly fixed to the ground (to the extent that it requires tools to remove it).

(b)The fact that it has a lip (that now contains earth which will inevitably be moved together with the dish when it is pulled out of the ground) will not suffice, to render it fixed to the ground - due to the fact that, since this does not forbid removing the dish on Shabbos (because Tiltul min ha'Tzad may be moved on Shabbos under such circumstances) it is not called properly fixed.

77b----------------------------------------77b

5)

(a)An Egyptian ladder is not considered a Pesach, a ladder from Tzuri is. What is the technical difference between these two kinds of ladders, and why should their Halachos differ?

(b)How wide must a ladder be to qualify as a Pesach?

(c)Under what conditions will two ladders, one on either side of a wall dividing two courtyards, be considered a Pesach, if the wall is ...

1. ... less than four Tefachim wide?

2. ... four Tefachim or more wide?

5)

(a)A ladder from Tzuri - has four rungs, an Egyptian ladder, less. It is due to its lightness that the latter stands to be carried away on Shabbos, and is not therefore permanent enough to be considered a Pesach.

(b)A ladder must be at least four Tefachim wide to qualify as a Pesach.

(c)Two ladders, one on either side of a wall dividing two courtyards ...

1. ... must be less than three Tefachim apart, for them to serve as a Pesach - if the wall is less than four Tefachim wide.

2. ... can be any distance apart, when its width is at least four Tefachim, because then, he is able to walk along the wall from one ladder to the other.

6)

(a)If two wooden platforms are built next to the wall, one on the ground and the other, on stilts above the first, under which two possible sets of conditions will this constitute a Pesach?

(b)Under which conditions will two steps or floating stairs be considered a Pesach?

6)

(a)If two wooden platforms are built next to the wall, one on the ground and the other on stilts above the first - this constitutes a Pesach if the lower platform is four Tefachim wide (irrespective of the dimensions of the top one), or if the top one is four Tefachim and there is less than three Tefachim between them.

(b)The same two conditions will apply here as in the previous case: either the bottom rung is four Tefachim wide or the upper one is, and there is less than three Tefachim between them.

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