Gemara

(Mishnah): Sons of kings may rub scented oil on their wounds on Shabbos, for they anoint themselves with scented oil even when they have no wound;

R. Shimon says, all Bnei Yisrael are sons of kings (and are permitted).

Shabbos 53b (Beraisa): (On Shabbos) one may anoint and crush (a scab on) a person, but not an animal.

Suggestion: The case is, there is a wound, and it is for pain.

Rejection: No, the wound healed. It is for pleasure.

111a (Mishnah): If one's loins hurt, he may not anoint with wine or vinegar. He may anoint with oil, but not rose oil... (R. Shimon permits).

(R. Aba bar Zavda citing Rav): The Halachah follows R. Shimon.

Question: Rav does not hold like R. Shimon!

(Rav Simi bar Chiya citing Rav): One may not wrap a rag tightly in the spout of a barrel on Yom Tov (even though he does not intend to squeeze out liquid)!

Answer: Abaye and Rava both say that R. Shimon agrees about a Pesik Reishei (an inevitable result). It is as if he intended.

Question: Rav Chiya bar Ashi said in the name of Rav that the Halachah follows R. Yehudah (regarding Davar she'Eino Miskaven)!

Answer (Rava and R. Chiya bar Avin): Rav says that the Halachah follows R. Shimon, but for a different reason.

R. Shimon permits, even where rose oil is scarce (and expensive, and it is evident that he anoints to heal). Rav permits only where it is abundant.

134b (Rav): We do not refrain from putting hot water and oil on a wound on Shabbos.

(Shmuel): One puts next to the wound, and it drips down into the wound.

Support (for Shmuel - Beraisa): One may not put oil or hot water on a wound on Shabbos. One puts next to the wound, and it drips into the wound.

Rishonim

Rif and Rosh (Shabbos 24b and 5:3): One may anoint and crush (scabs on) people, but not animals. This is after the wound healed, and it is for pleasure. If there is a wound and it is due to pain, it is permitted even for animals.

Rif and Rosh (Shabbos 41a and 14:11): The Halachah follows Rav, who permits only where rose oil is abundant.

Tosfos (111a DH l'Meimra): The Gemara thought that Chachamim forbid anointing even for pleasure, for sometimes he does so for Refu'ah, and R. Shimon permits, since he permits Davar she'Eino Miskaven.

Ran (DH Omar): Bahag and R. Chananel rule like R. Shimon, who says that all Bnei Yisrael are sons of kings, for the Gemara compares this to his Heter for Davar she'Eino Miskaven. Since we rule like him regarding Davar she'Eino Miskaven, also regarding this.

Rif and Rosh (Shabbos 53b and 19:3): The Halachah follows Shmuel, for a Beraisa supports him.

Rambam (Hilchos Shabbos 21:23): One may anoint on Shabbos with oil that healthy people normally anoint with, even if he intends for Refu'ah. Oils that healthy people do not normally anoint with are forbidden. If one has a pain in his loins, he may anoint with oil, but not with wine or vinegar. He may use rose oil only where people anoint with it. One may anoint with oil and salt in any place.

Rambam (26): One may not put oil and hot water on a wound or on a tuft on a wound, or on a tuft to put it on a wound. One puts next to the wound, and it drips down into the wound.

Rambam (30): One may anoint and crush (scabs on) people for pleasure, but not on animals. If an animal had pain, one may remove its pain through anointing and crushing.

Poskim

Shulchan Aruch (OC 327:1): If one has a pain in his loins, he may not anoint with oil and vinegar, but he may anoint with oil alone.

Beis Yosef (DH v'Ika): A Beraisa supports Shmuel, who says that one may not put oil or hot water on the wound itself! We must say that anointing is different, for it is only a small amount. Tosfos (DH v'Ein) says that Rav and Shmuel argue about oil and hot water mixed together, but each by itself is permitted, like the Mishnah says.

Mishnah Berurah (1): One may not use oil and vinegar together, for this is done only for Refu'ah. All Refu'ah on Shabbos is forbidden, lest one grind ingredients (to make a medicine), which is an Av Melachah. Our text of the Mishnah, and that of R. Chananel, the Rif and Rambam, forbids 'Yayin v'Chometz', i.e. wine or vinegar.

Kaf ha'Chayim (1): Even according to (the Shulchan Aruch, which follows) the text of the Tur, one may not anoint with wine, for it is done only for Refu'ah.

Mishnah Berurah (2): One may put oil even on the wound itself (in a locale where where people normally anoint with oil).

Kaf ha'Chayim (3): If one has no pain, he may anoint with oil and vinegar.

Shulchan Aruch (ibid): He may not use rose oil, for it is clear that he does so for Refu'ah.

Mishnah Berurah (3): This is forbidden even through a Nochri if the Yisrael is basically healthy.

Kaf ha'Chayim (7): Even though one may not scent even flesh, Beis David says that rose oil does not give a nice scent. Pesach ha'Dvir disagrees. Perhaps rose oil is unlike rose water, for they are made differently.

Taz (2): This is why Shiltei ha'Giborim forbids anointing the head if there are scabs on it.

Rema: In a place where people anoint with oil only for Refu'ah, every oil is forbidden.

Beis Yosef (DH Nir'eh): Nowadays, one may not anoint with any oil on a wound. Healthy people do not anoint with oil, so it is clear that he does so for Refu'ah.

Kaf ha'Chayim (13): All forbid odorous oil, for it is only for Refu'ah. Eshel Avraham permits putting whiskey on the head, for healthy people do so to fall asleep quickly or kill lice.

Shulchan Aruch (328:22): One may remove a scab over a wound and anoint the wound with oil, but not with Chelev, for it melts. This is even after the wound healed, when there is mere pain. One may not put oil and hot water on it together, not onto a tuft to put on the wound, but he may put next to the wound, and it drips down into the wound.

Beis Yosef (DH u'Mah she'Chosav Rabeinu and 327 DH v'Ika): Making Chelev or lard melt is forbidden, like crushing snow or hail. This is overt Nolad (something that came into being on Shabbos).

Mishnah Berurah (70): Even though nowadays people anoint with oil only for Refu'ah, presumably this is permitted after the wound healed.

Kaf ha'Chayim (139): Lard and congealed oil are like Chelev.

Kaf ha'Chayim (143): We permit only oils normally used for anointing, and only a normal amount for anointing.

Mishnah Berurah (74): Hot water alone is permitted, just like oil alone.

Mishnah Berurah (75): One may not put even hot water alone on a tuft, even though it is not clearly for Refu'ah. We decree lest he squeeze. We are not concerned for oil, for it is not normal to launder with oil.

Kaf ha'Chayim (144): Some decree even about oil, lest he squeeze.