1)

(a)The Mishnah discusses someone who makes a Neder forbidding on himself cooked foods. He says - 'Konam Mevushal alai'.

(b)He is permitted to eat food that is roasted and Shaluk - (over-cooked).

(c)'Ma'aseh Kedeirah' is - cooked food that people tend to eat with bread (See also Tos. Ym-Tov).

(d)If a person declares 'Konam Tavshil she'Eini Ocheil', he is forbidden to eat soft (liquidy) 'Ma'aseh Kedeirah' (See Tos. Ym-Tov), but not if it is hard ...

(e)... because once it becomes hard, people do not generally eat it together with bread.

2)

(a)The Tana also permits him to eat ...

1. ... Beitzah T'ramita - an egg that is heated in boiling water and that one does not allow to become hard (See Tos. Ym-Tov), and ...

2. ... 'Dala'as ha'Remutzah' - a pumpkin that has been heated on hot ashes ...

(b)... a preparation that renders it sweet.

3)

(a)A person who declares a Neder on Ma'aseh Kedeirah is forbidden to eat - food made from flour - that has been heated in a dish (See also Tos. Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... because that is what the Noder had in mind when he made the Neder.

4)

(a)The hard and fast rule that governs all these Halachos is - 'bi'Nedarim Halach achar Lashon b'nei Adam' (that in the realm of Nedarim, we always go by what people mean (rather than by the literal meaning of the Noder's words) according to the time and place.

(b)Consequently, someone who makes a Neder not to eat Mevushal in a place where ...

1. ... they call roast 'Mevushal' - is not permitted to eat roasted food (and vice-versa).

2. ... the majority of people call roast 'Mevushal', but a minority don't - the Neder adopts the meaning of the group to which he belongs.

3. ... everybody calls roast 'Mevushal' except for the Noder - he is forbidden to eat cooked food.

5)

(a)The Mishnah rules in a case where someone is Noder from ...

1. ...'Kavush' that - he is forbidden to eat pickled vegetables exclusively.

2. ... 'Shaluk' that - he is forbidden to eat exclusively over-cooked meat (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)To incorporate all ...

1. ... pickled food, he would have to say - '(Konam) Kavush she'Eini To'em', and all ...

2. ... kinds of Shaluk - ' ... Shaluk she'Eini To'em'.

(c)Rebbi Yehudah rules that someone who is Noder from Tz'li - is forbidden to eat roasted meat exclusively, whereas ...

(d)... in order to incorporate all roasted food, he would have to say ' - ... Tz'li she'Eini To'em'.

(e)By the same token, a person who is Noder 'min ha'Mali'ach' - is forbidden to eat salted fish, where if he says 'Mali'ach she'Eini (See first Tos. Yom-Tov in the Perek) To'em', he is not allowed to eat anything that is salted.

6)

(a)When someone makes a Neder 'Dag Dagim Eini To'em' - he means to incorporate all kinds of fish (See also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(b)The Mishnah lists three group of fish that this includes: big and small fish, salted and unsalted fish - raw and cooked fish.

(c)It does not however, incorporate ...

1. ... 'T'ris Terufah' - chopped fish that is sold independently ...

2. ... 'Tzir' - brine (the water that emerges from salted fish), or ...

3. ... 'Muryas' (See Tos.Yom-Tov) - the fat that emerges from salted fish.

(d)... which are not included in the Isur - because they are called by their own names and not by the name of 'fish'.

7)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is Noder from 'Tzachanah' - a mixture of various kinds of chopped fish.

(b)It includes T'ris Terufah (See Tos. Yom-Tov) - but not Tzir and Muryas.

(c)If he is Noder from T'ris Terufah however - the Tana forbids him to eat Tzir and Muryas (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

8)

(a)According to the Tana Kama, someone who is Noder from milk is permitted to drink 'Kum' - whey (the residue of milk).

(b)Rebbi Yossi - forbids it.

(c)But if he is Noder from Kum - even Rebbi concedes that he is permitted to drink milk.

9)

(a)Aba Shaul rules that someone who is Noder from cheese ('ha'Gevinah') - is forbidden to eat even cheese that it unsalted.

(b)We would otherwise have thought that it is permitted - since 'ha'Gevinah' (with a 'Hey') implies good-quality cheese, and one does not generally eat cheese that has not been salted (See also Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Halachah is - like Aba Shaul (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

10)

(a)If someone is Noder from Basar, the Tana Kama permits him to eat Rotav (gravy) and 'Kifah' - the small particles of meat and gravy that are stuck to the bottom of the pot (See Tos.Yom-Tov) ...

(b)... Rebbi Yehudah - forbids it.

11)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah informs us that Rebbi Tarfon - once forbade him to eat an egg that had been cooked together with meat that was Asur to him (via a Neder) ...

(b)... since it had adopted the taste of the meat.

(c)The Chachamim (Amru lo) explain that for the egg to be prohibited, Rebbi Yehudah must have said 'Konam Basar Zeh alai' - implying the piece of meat that was lying in front of him, and incorporating its taste ...

(d)... but if what he said was 'Konam Basar alai' - he would have been forbidden to eat meat, but not the taste that comes from it.

(e)The Halachah is like - the Tana Kama.

12)

(a)The Mishnah rules that someone who ...

1. ... is Noder from wine - may eat a cooked dish that contains wine (like the Tana Kama of Rebbi Yehudah).

2. ... declares 'Yayin zeh she'Eini To'em' (See Tos. Yom-Tov) and the wine subsequently falls into a cooked dish - may not the cooked dish provided the wine gives taste to the dish.

(b)The Mishnah also rules that someone who is Noder from grapes or olives respectively - is permitted to drink wine or olive oil.

(c)For the wine and the oil that emerges from the grapes and the olives to be included in the Isur, he will have to say - 'Konam Zeisim va'Anavim Eilu she'Eini To'em' (See Tos. Yom-Tov cited at the beginning of the Mishnah).

13)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses someone who is Noder from dates or from Sitvaniyos - poor quality grapes that remain on the vine in the winter.

(b)The Tana Kama - permits the Noder to enjoy date-honey and vinegar made from Sitvaniyos respectively (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Rebbi Yehudah disagrees with the Tana Kama, based on the principle - that the Noder means to include in the Neder whatever retains its original name (i.e. 'date-honey', 'Sitvaniyos-vinegar').

(d)The Chachamim - permit it.

14)

(a)According to one explanation, the Machlokes between the Tana Kama and the Chachamim concerns a case where the Noder forbade on himself the Sitvaniyos, where the Tana Kama permits the vinegar that is manufactured from them but forbids the Sitvaniyos themselves. The Chachamim permit them- because they are not edible, in which case it is obvious that the Noder meant to forbid the by-product that comes from them and not the Sitvaniyos themselves.

(b)Alternatively, the Chachamim are coming to argue with Rebbi Yehudah ben Beseira and to permit the vinegar of the Sitvaniyos (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)The Halachah is - like the Chachamim (See also Tiferes Yisrael).

15)

(a)The Tana rules that somebody who is Noder from ...

1. ... wine - is permitted to drink the 'wine of apples' (cider).

2. ... oil - is permitted to drink sesame-oil (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

3. ... honey - is permitted to eat date-honey (Ibid.).

4. ... vinegar - is permitted to drink Sitvaniyos-vinegar.

(b)He also permits someone who is Noder from cress to eat Kaplutos - a species of cress that grows in Eretz Yisrael.

16)

(a)The Mishnah permit someone who is Noder from vegetables (with referencde to vegetables that that grow in a vegetable garden) to eat vegetables that grow in a field - since they are not referred to S'tam as 'vegetables', but as 'field-vegetables'.

(b)The Tana describes this as 'Shem Levi' - which literally means 'an 'accompanying name'.

(c)In the Sh'mitah-year however - they are forbidden ...

(d)... because since garden vegetables (which need to be cultivated) are scarce, one refers to the field-vegetables as vegetables 'Stam' (See also Tos.Yom-Tov).

17)

(a)If someone is Noder from cabbage, he is forbidden to eat Aspargus' (which some translate as 'a species of cabbage') - but not vice-versa.

(b)Others translate 'Aspargus' as - 'the water in which vegetables have been cooked' (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

(c)Either way, the reason for the difference is - because whereas Aspargus is called cabbage (or whichever vegetable they come from), cabbage is not called Aspargus (See Tos. Yom-Tov).

18)

(a)The Tana Kama forbids someone who is Noder from G'risin (ground peas or beans) to eat a Mikpah (a stew of legumes) - Rebbi Yossi permits it.

(b)Both agree however, that someone who is Noder from Mikpah - is permitted to eat G'risin.

(c)The Tana Kama forbids somebody who is Noder from a Mikpah to eat garlic - since garlic is generally added to it to give taste and subsequently becomes synonymous with the stew.

(d)Rebbi Yossi - permits that too.

(e)If he is Noder from garlic however - both agree that he is permitted to eat the stew.

19)

(a)In the same vein, the Tana Kama forbids someone who is Noder from lentils to eat Ashishon - the residue of lentils,

(b)Here too - Rebbi Yossi permits it.

(c)If he is Noder from Ashishon - both agree that he is permitted to eat lentils.

20)

(a)In the event that someone declares 'Konam Chitah Chitin she'Eini To'em', the Mishnah forbids him to eat ...

1. ... wheat-flour and ...

2. ... wheat-bread ...

(b)... since by definition, 'Chitah' incorporates baked 'bread' and 'Chitin' any by-product of wheat that one can chew (See also Tos. Yov).

(c)The Tana also rules that someone who declares 'G'ris G'risin she'Eini To'em' - is forbidden to eat both raw and cooked peas and beans.

(d)And Rebbi Yehudah (See Tos. Yom-Tov) finally rules that someone who declares 'Konam G'ris or Konam Chitah she'Eini Ochel!' - may eat them raw.