Mishnah 1
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1)

(a)Why does the Mishnah forbid placing an animal in an inn belonging to a Nochri?

(b)Why may one then not place a female animal in an inn belonging to a Nochris?

(c)The Tana prohibits a Jewish woman from being secluded with a Nochri (because he is suspect on adultery). What if the Nochri's wife is with him?

(d)On what grounds is it different than being secluded with a Yisre'eilis under the same circumstances?

(e)Bearing in mind that a Yisrael is not suspect on homosexuality, why does the Tana forbid a Yisrael from being secluded with a Nochri?

1)

(a)The Mishnah forbids placing an animal in an inn belonging to a Nochri - because Nochrim are suspect on bestiality (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)Neither may one place even a female animal in an inn belonging to a Nochris - because Nochrim tend to visit their friends' wives, and in the event that such a visitor does not find her at home, he will be intimate with the deposited animal instead.

(c)The Tana prohibits a Jewish woman from being secluded with a Nochri (because he is suspect on adultery [See Tosfos Yom Tov]) - even if his wife is with him ...

(d)... because a Nochri's wife does not 'guard him' like the wife of a Yisrael guards her husband.

(e)Despite the fact that a Yisrael is not suspect on homosexuality, the Tana forbids a Yisrael from being secluded with a Nochri - because the latter is suspect on murder.

2)

(a)Why does the Mishnah forbid a bas Yisrael to deliver the baby of a Nochris?

(b)On what grounds is it nevertheless permitted for payment?

(c)On what condition does the Tana permit a Nochris to deliver the baby of a bas Yisrael?

(d)What similar distinction does the Tana draw between a bas Yisrael feeding the baby of a Nochris and vice-versa?

2)

(a)The Mishnah forbids a bas Yisrael to deliver the baby of a Nochris - because the mother will raise him (See Tosfos Yom Tov) as an idolater.

(b)It is nevertheless permitted for payment (See also Tiferes Yisrael) - on account of Eivah (it will cause enmity should she refuse).

(c)The Tana permits a Nochris to deliver the baby of a bas Yisrael - provided there are other people around.

(d)Similarly - he forbids a bas Yisrael to feed the baby of a Nochris but permits a Nochris to feed the baby of a Yisre'elis in the mother's house.

Mishnah 2
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3)

(a)The Mishnah permits being cured by Nochrim Ripuy Mamon but not Ripuy Nefashos. If 'Ripuy Nefashos' means being treated for one's own illness, what does 'Ripuy Mamon' mean?

(b)On what condition is even Ripuy Nefashos permitted?

(c)According to Rebbi Meir, one is not allowed to have a haircut by a Nochri barber anywhere. On what condition do the Chachamim permit it?

(d)Why is it also permitted if the client is looking in a mirror?

3)

(a)The Mishnah permits being cured by Nochrim Ripuy Mamon - (to heal one's animal), but not Ripuy Nefashos (to heal oneself).

(b)Even Ripuy Nefashos is permitted however - if it is merely to ask him what medicines to take (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)According to Rebbi Meir, one is not allowed to have a haircut by a Nochri barber anywhere (See Tosfos Yom Tov). The Chachamim permit it - provided it is performed in a public place.

(d)It is also permitted if the client is looking in a mirror - because that leads the barber to believe that he is an important person and he will be afraid to kill him.

Mishnah 3
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4)

(a)What does the Mishnah say about the wine and vinegar (wine that turned sour) of Nochrim?

(b)Why is it forbidden?

(c)Why is it then permitted to buy from them vinegar that they purchased from a Yisrael?

(d)The Tana adds to the list Cheres Hadri'ani and Oros Levuvin. What is ...

1. ... 'Cheres Hadri'ani'?

2. ... 'Oros Levuvim'?

4)

(a)The Mishnah rules - that the wine and vinegar (wine that turned sour [See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'she'Hayah']) of Nochrim is Asur be'Hana'ah ...

(b)... because the Nochri may have poured it out to Avodah-Zarah (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'ha'Yayin ... ').

(c)It is permitted to buy from them vinegar that they purchased from a Yisrael however - because it is only wine that they pour out to Avodah-Zarah, not vinegar.

(d)The Tana adds to the list ...

1. ... 'Cheres Hadri'ani' - vessels made of clay that was mixed with wine, which the emperor Hadrian's soldiers would take with them to war. These which they would subsequently place in water until the vessels melted, leaving wine diluted with water.

2. ... 'Oros Levuvim' - they would make an incision in the skin of a live animal next to the heart, which they would then remove and bring it before the Avodah-Zarah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

5)

(a)On what condition does Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel permit having Hana'ah from Oros Levuvin?

(b)Why is that?

(c)Like whom is the Halachah?

5)

(a)Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel permits having Hana'ah from Oros Levuvin - if the incision is not round ...

(b)... because they did not worship the Avodah-Zarah in this way.

(c)The Halachah is - like Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.

6)

(a)What does Rebbi Akiva say about a piece of meat ...

1. ... that is being taken before an Avodah-Zarah?

2. ... once it is on its way back?

(b)What is the reason for the latter ruling?

(c)The Tana now discusses Tarpus. What is 'Tarpus'? Why do Chazal call it by that name?

(d)What distinction does the Mishnah draw between doing business with those who are on their way to worship Tarpus and those who are on their way back from there?

(e)What is the reason for the former ruling?

6)

(a)Rebbi Akiva rules that a piece of meat ...

1. ... that is being taken before an Avodah-Zarah - is Mutar be'Hana'ah.

2. ... once it is on its way back is - Asur ...

(b)... because whatever is used to worship Avodah-Zarah is forbidden (and adopts the title 'Zivchei Meisim [sacrifices of the dead]' See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The Tana now discusses 'Tarpus' - a distant Avodah-Zarah, which Chazal call by that name, because it means something disgusting (See Tiferes Yisrael), and is also used with reference to the Makom ervah of a woman.

(d)The Mishnah prohibits business with those who are going to worship it but permits it with those on their way back from there.

(e)The reason for the former ruling is - because they will probably go on to give thanks to their god for having successfully completed the transaction.

Mishnah 4
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7)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses flasks belonging to Nochrim that contain wine of a Yisrael. What is the difference between 'Nodos' and 'Kankanim'?

(b)According to Rebbi Meir, they are Asur be'Hana'ah. What do the Chachamim say?

(c)On what condition ...

1. ... may one use them immediately, according to the Chachamim?

2. ... do they require Kashering?

(d)How does one Kasher them if the Nochri ever placed wine in them for a long period (See Tiferes Yisrael)?

(e)On what condition is this not necessary?

7)

(a)The Mishnah now discusses flasks belonging to Nochrim that contain wine of a Yisrael. 'Nodos' - are made of leather, and 'Kankanim' - of earthenware.

(b)According to Rebbi Meir, they are Asur be'Hana'ah. The Chachamim rule that they are Mutar.

(c)One may use them immediately, according to the Chachamim -

1. ... provided they are new, but ...

2. ... they require Kashering - if the Nochri ever placed wine in them for a long period of time (See Tosfos Yom Tov)

(d)One Kashers them - by filling them with cold water for three consecutive days, changing the water every twenty-four hours.

(e)This is not necessary however - if a year elapsed since the Nochri last used them.

8)

(a)Rebbi Meir declares the waste of grapes (See Tosfos Yom Tov), the skins and pits of grapes belonging to Nochrim, Asur be'Hana'ah. On what condition are they Mutar be'Hana'ah, according to the Chachamim?

(b)What is the definition of 'dry'?

(c)What may one do with the dry grape pits and skins, according to the Chachamim?

8)

(a)Rebbi Meir declares the waste of grapes (See Tosfos Yom Tov), the skins and pits of grapes belonging to Nochrim, Asur be'Hana'ah. They are Mutar be'Hana'ah according the Chachamim - if they are dry ...

(b)... after twelve months have elapsed ...

(c)... in which case one is - even permitted to eat them.

9)

(a)According to Rebbi Meir, the Moreyis (fish-fat) and the cheeses of Beis Unyaki (the name of a village) are Asur be'Hana'ah. What do the Chachamim say?

(b)Why is 'Moreyis' Asur be'Hana'ah?

(c)On what condition does Rebbi Meir concede that it is permitted?

9)

(a)According to Rebbi Meir, the Moreyis (fish-fat) and the cheeses of Beis Unyaki (the name of a village) are Asur be'Hana'ah. The Chachamim rule - that they are Mutar.

(b)'Moreyis' is Asur be'Hana'ah - because the Nochrim tend to add wine to it.

(c)Rebbi Meir concedes that it is permitted - if one knows for sure that wine was not added.

10)

(a)What is the significance of the cheeses of Beis Unyaki (See Tiferes Yisrael)?

(b)Bearing in mind that most cheeses are not from Beis Unyaki, on what grounds does Rebbi Meir declare them Asur?

10)

(a)Most of the cheeses of Beis Unyaki - are sacrificed to Avodah-Zarah (See Tiferes Yisrael).

(b)Despite the fact that most cheeses are not from Beis Unyaki, Rebbi Meir declares them Asur - because he holds 'Chosheshin le'Mi'uta' (that we take the minority into account le'Chumra).

Mishnah 5
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11)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah cites the occasion when Rebbi Yishmael asked Rebbi Yehoshua why the Chachamim forbade the cheeses of Nochrim. What were they doing when he asked the She'eilah?

(b)According to which Tana in the previous Mishnah did he ask the She'eilah?

(c)Why can the reason not be because it may have been made from the milk of a non-Kasher animal?

(d)What did Rebbi Yehoshua initially answer him?

11)

(a)Rebbi Yehudah cites the occasion when Rebbi Yishmael asked Rebbi Yehoshua - whilst they were traveling together, why the Chachamim forbade the cheeses of Nochrim.

(b)He asked the She'eilah according to the Chachamim of Rebbi Meir in the previous Mishnah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)The reason cannot be because it may have been made from the milk of a non-Kasher animal - since the milk of non-Kasher animals does not curdle.

(d)Rebbi Yehoshua initially answered him that the Chachamim forbade it - because they tended to place the milk in the stomach of a Neveilah (See Tosfos Yom Tov) to curdle.

12)

(a)Rebbi Yishmael objected to Rebbi Yehoshua's answer based on the Keivah (maw) of an Olah. What did the Chachamim say about the Keivah of an Olah?

(b)Why is that?

(c)What did they ultimately say about the current case?

12)

(a)Rebbi Yishmael objected to Rebbi Yehoshua's answer based the Keivah (maw) of an Olah - which the Chachamim permitted a Kohen who is not finicky to eat (See Tosfos Yom Tov) ...

(b)... because it is merely dung (which is not included in the Isur of Olah).

(c)They ultimately ruled that - it is Asur be'Hana'ah, but not subject to Me'ilah (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

13)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua then ascribed the prohibition (of the cheese of a Nochri) to the fact that they placed the milk in the stomach of calves of Avodah-Zarah to curdle (See Tosfos Yom Tov). Why is this any worse than the stomach of a Neveilah?

(b)From which Pasuk in Re'ei (in connection with the Ir ha'Nidachas) do we learn it?

(c)What objection did Rebbi Yishmael raise to this too?

13)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua then ascribed the prohibition (of the cheese of a Nochri) to the fact that they placed the milk in the stomach of calves of Avodah-Zarah to curdle (See Tosfos Yom Tov), which is worse than the stomach of a Neveilah - because it is also Asur be'Hana'ah.

(b)We learn this from the Pasuk in Re'ei (in connection with the Ir ha'Nidachas) - "ve'Lo Yidbak be'Yadcha Me'umah min ha'Cherem".

(c)Rebbi Yishmael objected to this too, however - on the grounds that they ought to have then declared Nochri cheese Asur be'Hana'ah (not just ba'Achilah).

14)

(a)Why, based on a time restraint, did Rebbi Yehoshua refrain from telling Rebbi Yishmael the real reason for the prohibition of Nochri cheese?

(b)What is the significance of a year?

(c)Why did the Chachamim really forbid Nochri cheese?

14)

(a)Rebbi Yehoshua refrained from telling Rebbi Yishmael the real reason for the prohibition of Nochri cheese - because a year since the decree had been issued had not yet elapsed (See also Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'Hishi'o le'Davar Acher') ...

(b)... and the Chachamim, afraid that people who did not agree with their reasoning, would treat their decrees with disdain, would therefore withhold the reasons for their decrees for a year, until the decree was being kept.

(c)The Chachamim really forbade Nochri cheese - because they used to place the milk in the skin of the Keivah of Neveilos (that they had slaughtered [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

15)

(a)Considering the skin of the maw amounts to less than the milk, why is it not Bateil?

(b)On what principle is this based?

(c)Why is it not Asur on account of Basar be'Chalav?

15)

(a)Even though the skin of the Keivah amounts to less than the milk, it is nevertheless not Bateil - since they made it into the object that holds the milk ...

(b)... and we have a principle 'That everything goes after the Ma'amid' (the thing that holds it together).

(c)It is not Asur on account of Basar be'Chalav - because, since the 'meat' in this case is not Asur per se, it does not forbid because of Ma'amid until it puts taste into the milk.

16)

(a)So, changing the subject ('Hisi'o le'Davar Acher' [See Tos Yom-Tov]), Rebbi Yehoshua asked Rebbi Yishmael how he read the Pasuk in Shir ha'Shirim "Ki Tovim Dodecha mi'Yayin". How else might one read it?

(b)What is the difference between the two ways of reading it?

(c)What did Rebbi Yishmael reply?

(d)What did Rebbi Yehoshua retort?

(e)How did he prove this from the next Pasuk "le'Re'ach Sh'manecha Tovim"?

16)

(a)Changing the subject ('Hisi'o le'Davar Acher' [See Tos Yom-Tov]), Rebbi Yehoshua asked Rebbi Yishmael how he read the Pasuk in Shir ha'Shirim "Ki Tovim *Dodecha* mi'Yayin", which one might read - "Ki Tovim *Dodayich* mi'Yayin".

(b)The difference between the two ways of reading it is - whether Yisrael is praising Hash-m "Ki Tovim Dodecha mi'Yayin" or Hash-m, Yisrael ("Ki Tovim Dodayich mi'Yayin" [See Tosfos Yom Tov]).

(c)Rebbi Yishmael replied that - the latter way is correct (See Tosfos Yom Tov), to which ...

(d)... Rebbi Yehoshua retorted - that the former way is the correct way (See Tosfos Yom Tov), and ...

(e)... he proved this from the following Pasuk there ("le'Re'ach Sh'manecha Tovim") where - by the same token, it is Yisrael who are praising Hash-m (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

Mishnah 6
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17)

(a)What do the following items have in common: milk that has been milked, bread that has been baked and oil that has been manufactured, by a Nochri?

(b)Why are they forbidden?

(c)On what condition is ...

1. ... bread permitted Lechatchilah?

2. ... privately-baked bread permitted?

(d)Why did Rebbi and his Beis-Din ultimately permit oil?

17)

(a)Milk that has been milked (See Tos. Yom-Yov), bread that has been baked and oil that has been manufactured, by a Nochri - may all not be eaten, though they are not Asur be'Hana'ah.

(b)All three are forbidden - in order to prevent intermarriage.

(c)Bread ...

1. ... is permitted Lechatchilah (See Tosfos Yom Tov DH 'ha'Pas') - if it has been baked by a baker

2. ... that is privately-baked is permitted - only in case of emergency, such as when traveling.

(d)Rebbi (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and his Beis-Din ultimately permitted oil - because he saw that the decree did not become widespread.

18)

(a)Included in this list are cooked dishes and pickled foods. On what condition did the Chachamim permit the latter?

(b)Why are they then not Asur be'Hana'ah?

(c)What if a Nochri cooks a dish in a vessel belonging to a Yisrael and in his presence?

(d)Two kinds of food cooked by a Nochri are permitted; one of them is where it can be eaten raw. What is the other?

(e)On what condition are even forbidden foods permitted?

18)

(a)Included in this list are cooked dishes and pickled foods - provided they are dishes into which wine or vinegar (made from wine) is normally added.

(b)They are nevertheless not Asur be'Hana'ah - since the wine is not recognizable (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)If a Nochri cooks a dish - it may not be eaten, even if he cooks it in a vessel that belongs to a Yisrael, in the Yisrael's presence.

(d)Food cooked by a Nochri are permitted provided it can either be eaten raw or - if it is not served at the royal table to be eaten together with bread.

(e)Even forbidden foods are permitted - if a Yisrael assists in the cooking either at the beginning or at the end of the cooking process.

19)

(a)If 'T'ris' is a species of Kasher fish, why does the Mishnah forbid the T'ris T'rufah (mashed T'ris) of Nochrim?

(b)For the same reason, the Mishnah forbids Tzir (fish-juice) that does not have Dagah Kilbis swimming in it. What is 'Dagah Kilbis'?

(c)Why is it then permitted?

19)

(a)Although 'T'ris' is a species of Kasher fish, the Mishnah forbids the T'ris T'rufah (mashed T'ris) of Nochrim - because they sometimes add non-Kasher species.

(b)For the same reason, the Mishnah forbids Tzir (fish-juice) that does not have 'Dagah Kilbis' - (a small Kasher fish that grows in the juice) swimming in it ...

(c)... because the Nochri must have added T'zir of non-Kasher species, which explains why there is no Dagah Kilbis swimming in it.

20)

(a)If the very small fish called Chilak does not have fins and scales, why is it considered a Kasher fish?

(b)Why is the Chilak of a Nochri then forbidden?

(c)The Tana also forbids the Chiltis of Nochrim. What is 'Chiltis'?

(d)Why is it forbidden?

20)

(a)Even though the very small fish called Chilak does not have fins and scales, it is considered a Kasher fish - because they appear when the fish becomes larger.

(b)The Chilak of a Nochri is nevertheless forbidden - because they tend to add non-Kasher species of little fish to it, which are not discernable.

(c)The Tana also forbids the 'Chiltis' - (a sharp spice) of Nochrim ...

(d)... because it has probably been cut up with a T'reifah knife (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

21)

(a)The final item in the current list is a type of salt called Melach Salkuntis. Who used to eat it?

(b)How does it look?

(c)Why did the Chachamim declare it Asur?

(d)How does the Mishnah conclude?

21)

(a)The final item in the current list is a type of salt called Melach Salkuntis - which was popular with the aristocracy of Rome.

(b)It is thick and exceptionally white.

(c)The Chachamim declared it Asur - because they used to smear it with the fat of a Chazir and of non-Kasher fish.

(d)The Mishnah concludes with the principle - 'These are forbidden (to eat) but are not Asur be'Hana'ah' (See Tiferes Yisrael).

Mishnah 7
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22)

(a)The first two items on the Mishnah's new list are milk that a Nochri milked under the supervision of a Yisrael, honey and Dibraniyos. What does the Tana rule in these cases?

(b)If 'under the supervision of a Yisrael'; does not necessarily mean that the Yisrael is actually watching the Nochri, what does it mean?

(c)Some translate 'Dibraniyos' as honey-combs that have been removed from the bee-hive. How do others translate it?

(d)The Mishnah adds that they are dripping (with honey or with juice). According to ...

1. ... the first translation, why might we have thought that they are forbidden?

2. ... the second translation, why is the juice not forbidden because of Yayin Nesech?

22)

(a)The first two items on the Mishnah's new list are milk that a Nochri milked under the supervision of a Yisrael, honey (See Tosfos Yom Tov) and Dibraniyos - which may all be eaten.

(b)Under the supervision of a Yisrael' does not necessarily mean that the Yisrael is actually watching the Nochri; it will suffice if - he is be seated in such a way that, should he stand up, he will see what the Nochri is doing (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)Some translate 'Dibraniyos' as honey-combs that have been removed from the bee-hive; others, as - bunches of grapes.

(d)The Mishnah adds that they are dripping (with honey or with juice). According to ...

1. ... the first translation, we might have thought that they are forbidden - because the Nochri may have added Yayin Nesech (See also Tosfos Yom Tov DH 've'ha' Dibraniyos').

2. ... the second translation, the juice is not forbidden because of Yayin Nesech - because, since the Nochri did not intend to press the grapes (See Tosfos Yom Tov), they do not have the Din of a liquid.

23)

(a)Next on the list is pickled foods into which one does not tend to place wine or vinegar, T'ris and Tzir. On what condition does the Tana permit ...

1. ... T'ris?

2. ... Tzir?

(b)How can one identify the former, seeing as it has been cut into pieces?

(c)Why, in the latter case, are we not worried that the Nochri may have added the juice of non-Kasher fish?

23)

(a)Next on the list is pickled foods into which one does not tend to place wine or vinegar, T'ris and Tzir (See Tosfos Yom Tov). The Tana permits ...

1. ... T'ris - provided it has not been mashed, and ...

2. ... Tzir - provided it contains Dagah Kilbis (which we explained in the previous Mishnah).

(b)One can identify the former, despite the fact that it has been cut into pieces - by its head and spine (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)In the latter case, we are not worried that the Nochri may have added the juice of non-Kasher fish - because then, the Dagah Kilbis would not have grown in it.

24)

(a)Why, as opposed to the Chiltis itself, does the Tana permit the leaf?

(b)The Mishnah also permits 'Zeisim G'luska'os ha'Megulgalin'. What does this mean?

(c)Rebbi Yossi declares them Asur if they have reached the stage of Sh'luchin. What does 'Sh'luchin' mean?

(d)Why does he hen consider them Asur?

(e)Like whom is the Halachah?

24)

(a)As opposed to the Chiltis itself, the Tana permits the leaf - because it does not rquire a knife to cut it.

(b)The Mishnah also permits 'Zeisim G'luska'os ha'Megulgalin' - which means 'olives that have been placed in a round vessel to heat up, become pressed and turn into cakes (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(c)Rebbi Yossi declares them Asur if they have reached the stage of Sh'luchin - meaning very soft, to the point that when one picks up the pit, the olive falls off ...

(d)... because their extreme softness was caused by adding Yayin Nesech (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(e)The Halachah is - like the Tana Kama.

25)

(a)What distinction does the Tana finally draw between locusts that come from the Nochri's basket and those that he takes from his storehouse?

(b)Why are the former forbidden?

(c)What does the Mishnah mean when it adds 've'Chein li'Terumah'?

(d)Why is one then permitted to purchase them from his storehouse?

25)

(a)The Tana finally rules that locusts that come from the Nochri's basket - are forbidden, whereas those that he takes from his storehouse - are permitted (See Tosfos Yom Tov).

(b)The former are forbidden - because they tend to sprinkle on them wine in order to soften them.

(c)When the Mishnah adds 've'Chein li'Terumah' it means that - similarly, regarding a Kohen who is suspected of selling Terumah as Chulin (See Tosfos Yom Tov) - whatever is in front of him is forbidden, but what is in his storehouse is permitted.

(d)This is because - he is afraid to sell the Terumah in his warehouse as Chulin in case the Chachamim hear about it and declare his entire warehouse Hefker.

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