REVACH L'DAF
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SUMMARY
1. Mivta is an another word for a Shevu'ah.
2. Abaye maintains that when a person uses the term Isar, he is trying to make a Shevu'ah through Hatfasah.
3. Rava maintains that when one makes a Shevu'ah through Hatfasah, he is not liable for a Korban or Malkus.
4. Rava maintains that when one uses the term "Isar" in the context of a Shevu'ah, it is a Shevu'ah. When one uses it in the context of a Neder, it is a Neder.
5. If someone says, "I will not eat meat like the day my father or Ploni died," it is a valid Neder.
6. If someone says, "I will not eat meat like the day that Gedalyah ben Achikam was killed," or "like the day that I saw the destruction of Yerushalayim," it is a valid Neder.
7. Rebbi Dimi says in the name of Rebbi Yochanan that if one violates a vow he made about the future, it is a Shevu'as Sheker. If he makes a false vow about the past, it is a Shevu'as Shav.
8. The words "Zachor" and "Shamor" were stated by Hashem simultaneously. This is something that is impossible for the human mouth to speak and for the ear to hear.
9. Similarly, the words "Sheker" and "Shav" were stated simultaneously.
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A BIT MORE
1. If someone says, "This bread is Mivta on me," it is tantamount to swearing that he will not eat the bread.
2. If someone says, "This bread is Isar on me," it is tantamount to swearing that he will not eat this bread, and then taking a second piece of bread and swearing that the second piece shall be like the first.
3. However Abaye maintains that there is a Safek whether Matfis bi'Shevu'ah makes one liable for a Korban or Malkus.
4. If he says, "Isar that I will not eat this bread," it is a Shevu'ah. If he says, "This bread is Isar on me," it is a Neder.
5. Shmuel explains that he had previously made a Neder not to eat on the day that his father or Ploni died. When he vowed that he will not eat meat like on one of those days, he is Matfis b'Neder.
6. He had previously made a Neder not to eat on one of those days and therefore he is Matfis b'Neder. Even though without his Neder it is forbidden to eat on the day that Gedalyah ben Achikam died, it nevertheless is regarded as Matfis b'Neder. A Neder goes into effect even on a Mitzvah.
7. If someone swears that he will or will not eat in the future, if he violates his oath it is a Shevu'as Sheker and he must be given Hasra'ah with the verse, "Do not swear in my name falsely." If he swears that he did or did not eat in the past, if he swore falsely it is a Shevu'as Shav. He must be given Hasra'ah with the verse, "Do not use My name in vain."
8. Since "Zachor" and "Shamor" were stated in one Dibur, women are Chayav in Kidush even though it is a time-bound Mitzvas Aseh. Since they are Chayav in Shamor, which is a Mitzvas Lo Sa'aseh (which women are Chayav to observe), they are also Chayav in Zachor.
9. This teaches that a person is Chayav Malkus for a Shevu'as Shav just as he is Chayav Malkus for a Shevu'as Sheker. A Shevu'as Shav is, by nature, a Lav which does not entail any action. It is a Shevu'ah about the past, but since it is stated in one Dibur with Shevu'as Shav, both are punished with Malkus.
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Index to Revach for Maseches Shevuos
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