Pirkei Avot - Ethics of the Fathers

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Chapter 5 Mishna 11
פרק ה משנה יא

There are four types of character in temperaments: he who is easily angered and easily appeased - his reward (gain) is canceled by his loss; difficult to anger and difficult to appease - his loss is canceled by his reward; difficult to anger and easily appeased - Chasid (pious). Easily angered and difficult to appease - Rasha (wicked).
אַרְבַּע מִדּוֹת בַּדֵּעוֹת. נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס וְנוֹחַ לִרְצוֹת, יָצָא שְׂכָרוֹ בְהֶפְסֵדוֹ. קָשֶׁה לִכְעֹס וְקָשֶׁה לִרְצוֹת, יָצָא הֶפְסֵדוֹ בִשְׂכָרוֹ. קָשֶׁה לִכְעֹס וְנוֹחַ לִרְצוֹת, חָסִיד. נוֹחַ לִכְעֹס וְקָשֶׁה לִרְצוֹת, רָשָׁע.


~Level 1~
Bartenura - "easily angered and easily appeased - his reward is canceled by his loss" - a man who gets angry quickly on every thing, even though he returns and is appeased quickly - his loss is greater than his reward. For most of his deeds are spoiled due to his swift anger on each and every thing.

But one who is difficult to anger, even though he has the bad trait of being difficult to appease, nevertheless, his little loss of being difficult to appease is cancelled by his great reward of being difficult to anger and most of his deeds are properly rectified.
~Level 1~
Tosfot Yom Tov - "difficult to anger and easily appeased - Chasid (pious)" - but to not get angry at all, this does not exist in any type (deah). For who among us is greater in humility than Moshe Rabeinu and yet it is written by him (Lev.10:16): "and Moshe got angry.." (Midrash Shmuel).
~Level 2~
Rabeinu Yosef ben Shushan - "there are four types of temperaments (deot)" - "deah" is the intent in the mind (kavana benefesh).

Anger is an extremely ugly evil in the eyes of G-d and men. It is said of the angry person: "if he is a prophet, prophecy departs from him" (Pesachim 66b).

If for a prophet his prophecy departs from him but he nevertheless remains with his deah (soundness in the mind). Then for other human beings (non-prophets), anger causes their deah (mind) itself to depart from them and they will become like lunatics (during the anger tantrum).

You can see how anger leads one man to murder his fellow or to strike and curse his father and mother, or to worship idols. Therefore, the torah states: "there shall not be a strange god within you.." (Tehilim 81:10). He (the evil inclination) is called god from the term "Eylot" which means a ruler. For once you allow him to rule over you, you will not be able to remove the yoke of his burden and the staff will be on your shoulder. If you begin to fall before him, you will not be able to defeat him and will fall completely before him.

Therefore guard yourself, be silent and do not be afraid: "and be not quick in your spirit to become angry, [for anger lodges in the heart of fools]" (Kohelet 7:9).
~Level 3~
Matanat Avot - "easily angered and easily appeased" - with this, the Tanna comes to encourage he who all the time wants to work on his anger and to become forbearing and slow to anger, but he always stumbles again and again and explodes. He already gives up on himself and is sure that he will never attain the trait of forbearance.

To him the Tanna says: my dear friend, I will teach you how to work on anger. First of all do not try to go against your angry nature from the beginning and decide to never get angry again.

Rather, before everything train yourself on the second stage of "easy to appease". If you already got angry on someone who irritated you. First of all, forgive him wholeheartedly. Afterwards go and appease him and eventually after you train yourself to forgive and be at peace with everyone, the habit to get angry and irritated at everything will pass.

This is the meaning of "[difficult to anger and difficult to appease] - his loss is canceled by his reward". Namely, the loss of being a person full of anger will depart from him through the reward of learning to overlook the wrongdoing of others and appeasing those he wronged.
~Level 3~
Yachel Yisrael - on the subject of anger, the mishna uses a puzzling expression - four traits in deot (mindsets)" - it would seem that character traits and "deot" are two separate matters. "Character traits" are connected to the heart - the realm of emotions, whereas "deot" is a matter of intellect - thoughts, which stem from the brain.

If so, why does the sage mix these two together?

Furthermore, there is no greater time a man loses his intellect than at a time of anger. If so, how can one call the trait of anger - "deah" (mindset)?

Rather, the sage is coming to teach us a big matter: anger depends on a person's deah (mindset). The free will to get angry or not comes from a high command - from the brain. The consequences of this teaching - is that anger can be controlled!

The tendency of a man to get angry or to rule over his anger stems from the education and training he received. We find small children, 3 or 4 years old who tell each other "I am hot tempered" and even sometimes "I am going to kill you".

Does he understand what anger is? Does he understand what it means to kill someone? He was not born like this. He acquired this at home. He was "brought up" like this. He heard such expressions from his parents and understands that this is the appropriate response when his request is not fulfilled.

The child absorbs that when things don't go as he wishes he should express his protest through anger, through violence. This is as the Talmud says: "the words of a child on the street are from either his mother or his father" (Sukkah 56b).

So too for other traits. It is not correct to say the child was born with this or that bad character trait and he cannot change it.

All lackings in a person are the rotten fruits of a depraved education (upbringing) and bad habits.

Thus, the Rambam writes in his introduction to Pirkei Avot (ch.4): "a man is not by nature, in his beginning - a person of virtue or of lackings. Rather, without a doubt he habituated himself from his youth in acts according to his relatives and the people of his land".

Since it is so, the Rambam continues there that all character traits are capable of being "healed" and he brings there the proper way to break bad character traits.