1)

TOSFOS DH CHADA

תוספות ד"ה חדא

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains why Rav Papa is brought up in our Gemara.)

דמלך בתר אביי ורבא כדמוכח בפרק בתרא דמסכת מועד קטן (דף כו) ולא היו יודעים התלמידים אם מדעתו אמרה או משום רבו

(a)

Explanation: He ruled after Abaye and Rava, as is apparent from Moed Katan (should say Ta'anis 9b). The students did not know if he said this on his own or in the name of his Rebbi.

2)

TOSFOS DH MI'EIT

תוספות ד"ה מיעט

(SUMMARY: Tosfos asks why the Gemara did not exclude something else.)

המ"ל מיעט דבר דליתיה בלאו והן ולשמואל מילתא דליתיה בלהבא

(a)

Implied Question: The Gemara could have said that this excludes something that cannot be both negative and positive (i.e. that one has the option not to do or to do it). According to Shmuel, it could have said this excludes something that is not in his control in the future.

וצ"ל דשקולים הן דלמאן דדריש ריבה ומיעט וריבה לית לן למעוטי אלא חדא מילתא

(b)

Answer: One must say that these are equal possibilities. However, according to the opinion that we derive using the "Ribah-Mi'eit-Ribah" method, one can only exclude one thing.

3)

TOSFOS DH V'LO

תוספות ד"ה ולא

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains that this Pasuk helps understand "to do bad or good," but is not a source for the law itself.)

ואתא האי קרא לגלויי על להרע או להיטיב דממעט לשעבר אבל בהאי לחודיה לא סגי

(a)

Explanation: This Pasuk comes to reveal that the Pasuk, "to do bad or good" excludes things that happened in the past. However, this Pasuk itself (without "to do bad or good") would not have been enough.

4)

TOSFOS DH AT LIBCHA

תוספות ד"ה את לבך

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains that they are not only exempt from a Korban, but also from any punishment whatsoever.)

נראה דלאו למפטריה מקרבן גרידא קאמר שלא יצטרך לכתוב על פנקסו שיביא חטאת שמינה לכשיבנה בית המקדש אלא אפילו עונש נמי ליכא

(a)

Explanation: It appears that Rav did not say that he does not have to write in his notebook that he must bring a fat Korban Chatas when the Beis Hamikdash is built in order to exclude him from having to bring a Korban. Rather, he meant that he will not receive any punishment whatsoever for having done so.

כדמוכח בפרק ארבעה נדרים (נדרים דף כה:) דאמר התם כשם שנדרי שגגות מותרין כך שבועות שגגות מותרות ומפרש היכי דמי שבועות שגגות כדרב כהנא ורב אסי דכל חד וחד אדעתיה שפיר משתבע

(b)

Proof: This is apparent from the Gemara in Nedarim (25b). The Gemara there says that just as accidental Nedarim are permitted, so too accidental Shevuos are permitted. The Gemara asks, what is an example of accidental Shevuos? The Gemara answers that this is like Rav Kahana and Rav Asi, as each honestly swore based on his recollection.

ולא דמי לההיא דהשולח (גיטין דף לה. ושם) שאמרה יהנה סם המות באחד מבניה שנענשה

(c)

Implied Question: This is incomparable to the Gemara in Gitin (35a) where a woman honestly swore that if she had the deposit one of her children should be poisoned, and it happened that she was mistaken and therefore punished. (Why was she punished if her false oath was an honest mistake?)

דגבי ממון שאני דמעיקרא הוה לה למידק שסופה לבא לידי שבועה אם תאבדנו

(d)

Answer: Money is different, as she should have originally been careful with the deposit, as she knew that she would have to take an oath if she indeed lost the deposit.

ומיהו תימה אמאי לא מיבעיא תרי קראי חד לפטור מקרבן וחד לפטור מעונש כדאשכחן בפ"ב דנדרים (דף יז.) גבי נשבע לבטל את המצוה דמיבעי לן תרי קראי חד לפטור מקרבן וחד לפטור ממלקות

(e)

Question: However, there is a difficulty. Why don't we require two Pesukim, one to exclude a person who makes such an oath from being obligated to bring a Korban, and one to exclude a person from receiving any punishment? This is as we find in Nedarim (17a) regarding a person who swears to nullify a Mitzvah, that we require one Pasuk to exclude the person from having to bring a Korban, and a second Pasuk to exclude him from receiving lashes.

ויש לומר דלא דמי כלל דהתם שפיר מיבעי לן תרי קראי חד למיפטר שוגג מקרבן וחד למיפטר מזיד ממלקות אבל הכא כשפטר שוגג פטרו לגמרי מקרבן ומעונש

(f)

Answer: It is possible to answer that the cases are totally incomparable. The Gemara there clearly must have two Pesukim. One excludes him from having to bring a Korban if he swore accidentally, and one to exclude him from lashes if he did so on purpose. However, when our Gemara says such a person is excluded, it means that he is excluded if he does so by accident from either having to bring a Korban or getting a punishment. (Our Gemara is only discussing an accident, while the Gemara there discusses an oath that was either accidental or on purpose.)

וההיא דס"פ ד' אחין (יבמות דף לג. ע"ש) דקאמר לרבי חייא בר קפרא שקורי משקר ולבר קפרא רבי חייא שקורי משקר

(g)

Implied Question: The Gemara in Yevamos (33a) where the Gemara asks according to Rebbi Chiya, "Is Bar Kapara lying?!" and it asks according to Bar Kapara, "Is Rebbi Chiya lying?!" is not difficult. (Why? Doesn't this imply they cannot be lying or else they would be deserving of punishment?)

לא לענין עונש שבועה קמיבעיא ליה היאך אירע תקלה על ידם אלא במה היה טועה לומר ששמע מרבי כדבריו

(h)

Answer: This is not discussing how they could possibly be guilty and deserving to receive punishment for lying when swearing. Rather, the Gemara there is asking, how is it possible that he would make a mistake to say that he heard from his Rebbi as he said (and not as the other opinion said)?

26b----------------------------------------26b

5)

TOSFOS DH V'EE

תוספות ד"ה ואי

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains why it is clear that one is exempt if he falsely swears a Shevuas ha'Eidus under forced circumstances.)

תימה אדקשיא ליה אברייתא תקשה ליה אמתני' דפ' שבועת העדות (לקמן דף ל.) דתנן על שגגתו עם זדון העדות

(a)

Question: This is difficult. Instead of asking this question on the braisa, it should ask this question on the Mishnah later (30a) that says that one is liable on an accidental Shevuah if he purposely did not give testimony!

וי"ל דשמא פשיטא ליה להש"ס בשבועת העדות דשגגת קרבן שמה שגגה דאפי' מזיד חייב בו אבל שבועת ביטוי ס"ד דלא שמה שגגה דכיון דלא מיחייב אמזיד בעינן שגגה מעלייתא

(b)

Answer: Perhaps it is obvious to the Gemara later that not knowing that one is liable to bring a Korban for such a sin is considered accidental. This is because even one who does so on purpose (knowing the punishment) is liable to bring a Korban. However, the Gemara thinks that a Shevuas Bituy is not called accidental. Being that one would not bring a Korban if he swore a Shevuas Bituy on purpose, we require a genuine accident (he did not realize) in order for him to have to bring a Korban.

והא דפשיטא ליה לקמן בשבועת העדות דאונס פטור

(c)

Implied Question: The Gemara later (30a) understands that it is obvious that a victim of forced circumstances (i.e. he forgot the truth) is exempt. (Why is this obvious?)

נראה דפשיטא ליה משבועת ביטוי דאע"ג דכתיב ביה ונעלם פטר ביה אונס כ"ש שבועת העדות דלא כתב ביה ונעלם דפטור

(d)

Answer: It appears that it is obvious due to Shevuas Bituy. Even though regarding a Shevuas Bituy the Pasuk says, "And it was hidden," and yet a victim of forced circusmstance is deemed exempt, certainly Shevuas ha'Eidus which does not have this Pasuk is exempt under forced circumstances!

6)

TOSFOS DH AFILU

תוספות ד"ה אפילו

(SUMMARY: Tosfos discusses the text of a Gemara in Shabbos in light of our Gemara.)

בר"פ כלל גדול (שבת דף סט: ושם) גבי הא דאמר אביי הכל מודים בשבועת ביטוי שאין חייבין עליה קרבן עד שישגוג בלאו שבה ופריך מהא דתניא איזהו שגגת שבועת ביטוי לשעבר דאמר יודע אני ששבועה זו אסורה אבל איני יודע אם חייבין עליה קרבן אם לאו

(a)

Observation: In Shabbos (69b), Abaye says that everyone admits regarding a Shevuas Bituy that one is not liable to bring a Korban until he accidentally transgresses the negative prohibition. The Gemara asks that the Beraisa states, what is a Shevuas Bituy regarding something that happened in the past? The case is where the person says, "I know that for me to take this oath is forbidden, but I do not know if one is liable to bring a Korban for this or not."

והיה שם בספרים מני אילימא מונבז השתא בכל התור' כולה דלאו חידוש הוא אמר מונבז דשגגת קרבן שמה שגגה הכא דחידוש הוא לכ"ש אלא לאו רבנן וע"כ לא פליגי רבנן עליה דמונבז אלא בכל התורה כולה דלאו חידוש הוא אבל הכא דחידוש הוא לא תיובתא דאביי תיובתא

(b)

Text#1: The Sefarim there state, "Who is this like? This cannot be like Munbaz. In the entire Torah where there is no novel aspect to the law, Munbaz holds that not knowing that one is liable to bring a Korban is called "an accident." Certainly here, where this is a novel law, he will say that not knowing that one is liable to bring a Korban is called "an accident." It therefore must be the opinion of the Rabbanan. The Rabbanan only argue on Munbaz in the entire Torah where there is no novel law. However, here that this is a novel law, they agree that this is called accidental. This is a very strong question on Abaye.

ורש"י אינו גורס גירסא זו כי קשה לו והא לא אתיא ברייתא לאשמועינן דשגגת קרבן שמה שגגה אלא לאשמועינן היכי אשכחן שגגת שבועת ביטוי לשעבר ובשמעתא דחיק נמי לאשכוחי דקאמר היכי דמי כו'

(c)

Question: Rashi does not have this text, as he has the following difficulty. The Beraisa is not coming to teach that not knowing that one is liable to bring a Korban is called "an accident." Rather, it is coming to teach that where we find an accidental Shevuas Bituy regarding something that happened in the past. The Gemara also has difficulty understanding the case, as it asks what is the case etc.

וגרס הקונט' הא מני מונבז היא ופירש אבל לרבנן לית להו שבועת ביטוי לשעבר

(d)

Text#2: Rashi has the text, "Who is this? It is the opinion of Munbaz." He explains that according to the Rabbanan there is no Shevuas Bituy regarding something that happened in the past.

והקשה הרב רבי אליעזר ממגנצ"א לפירושו דמאן האי תנא דפליג עליה דמונבז התם רבי עקיבא ואיהו אית ליה שבועת ביטוי לשעבר כדאמרי' לעיל

(e)

Question: Rebbi Eliezer from Magentza asked that according to Rashi's explanation, the Tana who is arguing on Munbaz is Rebbi Akiva. However, Rebbi Akiva holds one is liable for a Shevuas Bituy regarding something that happened in the past, as stated earlier!

והשיב לו רשב"ם דה"פ הא מני מונבז היא אבל לרבנן משכחת לה בענין אחר כגון דאמר יודע אני ששבועה זו אסורה אבל איני יודע אם יש בה לאו או לא וסבור שיש בה עשה

(f)

Answer: The Rashbam answered him that Rashi means as follows. Who is this? It is Munbaz. However, according to the Rabbanan the case can be in a different manner, for example if he said that I know that this Shevuah is forbidden, but I do not know if there is a negative prohibition involved or not. The person knows that there is a positive commandment against doing so.

וקשיא לר"ת דהכא בשמעתין מסקינן דאפי' לרבנן שגגת קרבן שמה שגגה

(g)

Question: Rabeinu Tam has difficulty with this. In our Gemara, we conclude that even the Rabbanan hold that if one does not know that he is liable to bring a Korban for this, it is called an accident!

ויש לומר דלית ליה דאביי ולאביי משכחת להו לרבנן כדפרישית ולפי זה תתיישב נמי גירסא ראשונה דהשתא משמע דברייתא אתיא לאשמועינן דשגגת קרבן שמה שגגה מדלא נקט איני יודע אם יש בה לאו אם לא

(h)

Answer: Our Gemara does not hold of Abaye. According to Abaye, we can find a case according to the Rabbanan, as I have explained above. This will also explain the first text (rejected by Rashi). The Gemara now implies that the Beraisa is coming to teach that if one does not know that he is liable to bring a Korban for this, it is called an accident. This is indicated by the fact that it did not say that the person did not know if there was a negative prohibition involved or not.

7)

TOSFOS DH MITZTA'ER

תוספות ד"ה מצטער

(SUMMARY: Tosfos and Rashi argue regarding the element of "pain" in this case.)

פי' בקונטרס שאפי' היה זכור היה אוכלה

(a)

Opinion#1: Rashi explains that even if he had remembered (he had made the oath), he would have eaten it.

וקשה דאם כן למה נקט מצטער

(b)

Question: This is difficult. If so, why does it say that he was in pain?

ונראה לפרש דמצטער על מה שאינו שוכח שהיה רצונו שישכח כדי שיאכל אבל במזיד לא היה אוכל ופשיטא דלאו היינו שב מידיעתו כיון שברצונו היה שוכח כדי שיאכל

(c)

Opinion#2: It appears that he was in pain because he did not forget that he had made an oath. He wanted to forget, in order that he would be able to eat. However, he would not have eaten on purpose. It is obvious that this is not called "returning from his state of mind" as he wanted to forget in order to be able to eat.

8)

TOSFOS DH TZARICH

תוספות ד"ה צריך

(SUMMARY: Tosfos proves that Shmuel understands this is the simple meaning of the Pasuk, not a derivation.)

נראה דמפשטא דקרא קדריש ולא משום דאייתר להכי מדפריך בסמוך וניגמר מיניה וקאמר נמי משום דהוה תרומה וקדשים ב' כתובים הבאים כאחד ואין מלמדין

(a)

Observation: It appears that Shmuel is understanding that this is the simple meaning of the Pasuk, and not deriving this because one of these words is extra for this purpose. This is why when the Gemara asks later that we should derive from the Pasuk "All those who are generous of heart (that even thoughts should be binding oaths)," the Gemara answers that Terumah and Kodshim are two Pesukim that come together, and we therefore cannot learn from them.

והשתא א"כ למה ליה קרא בשבועת ביטוי לבטא בשפתים אלא אינו מיותר לכך

(b)

Proof: If Shmuel's Pasuk was a derivation, why do we require such a derivation by Shevuas Bituy of "l'Vatei b'Sefasayim?" (Being that one's thoughts are clearly only binding by Terumah and Kodshim, why would the Torah have to state an extra word to teach that one's thoughts are not binding?) Rather, it must be that it is not an extra word.

9)

TOSFOS DH ELA

תוספות ד"ה אלא

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains why we do not say this is Shmuel's intent as well.)

ואם תאמר ודשמואל נמי יפרש הכי ולא שגמר בלבו להוציא בשפתיו

(a)

Question: Why don't we explain that this is also Shmuel's intent, that he did not decide that he would speak this out?

וי"ל שהאמורא יש לו לפרש דבריו יותר

(b)

Answer: It is possible to answer that an Amora should have explained clearly that this is what he meant (if he indeed had meant this).

10)

TOSFOS DH GAMAR

תוספות ד"ה גמר

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains when having a different intent in one's heart makes a difference.)

השתא משמע דמקרא קדריש הא דלא מיתסר אלא בפת חטין דאזלינן בתר דברים שבלב בשאין הפה מכחיש

(a)

Observation: The Gemara currently implies that it derives from a Pasuk why he is only forbidden in wheat bread. This is because we follow his intent in his heart, as long as his words do not contradict his intent.

והא דקאמר שמואל צריך להוציא בשפתיו

(b)

Implied Question: Shmuel says that one must verbalize his intent. (How could we explain his oath based on intent?)

היינו שצריך להזכיר פת אבל חטין אין צריך להזכיר

(c)

Answer: This just means he must mention bread. He does not have to mention wheat bread.

ותימה דבפרק ארבעה נדרים (נדרים דף כז:) תנן נודרין להרגים ולחרמים ולמוכסין שהן של תרומה כו' ושל בית המלך כו' ומפרש בגמ' דאמר יאסרו כל פירות שבעולם עלי אם אינן של בית המלך ומסיק שאומר בלבו היום ומוציא בשפתיו סתם ואע"ג דסבירא לן דברים שבלב אינן דברים לגבי אונסין אפשר

(d)

Question: This is difficult. In Nedarim (27b), the Mishnah states that one can swear to killers, bandits, and tax collectors that his produce is Terumah etc. or that it belongs to the king. The Gemara explains that the case is where he says that all of the fruits in the world should be forbidden to him if this produce does not belong to the kings house. The Gemara concludes that the case is where he thinks in his heart that he will only be forbidden for one day, while he says the oath in a general manner. Even though we usually hold that one's intent is irrelevant, regarding bandits this is possible (see below).

משמע דלא שרי אלא במקום אונס ואע"פ שאומר בלבו היום והכא נמי ליתסר אע"פ שאומר בלבו חטין

1.

Question(cont.): This implies that this is only permitted under forced circumstances, even though he thinks that he is only forbidden from fruits today. In our Gemara as well, why don't we forbid him to have all bread even though he thought in his heart that he only forbids himself from wheat bread?

וי"ל דהתם איירי בעם הארץ דלא התירו לו אלא גבי אונסין כדי שלא ינהגו קלות ראש בנדרים אבל לת"ח שרי אפי' שלא במקום אונס

(e)

Answer#1: The Gemara in Nedarim (ibid.) is referring to an Am ha'Aretz. They only permitted him to use this leniency when he encountered bandits, in order that he should not treat Nedarim in a lightheaded manner. However,for a Talmid Chacham this is permitted, even when he is not under duress.

וכן מוכח דטעמא הוי משום דלא מהימנינן ליה במה דקאמר שהיה בלבו היום דקאמר לגבי אונסין אפשר משמע אפשר שהיה כדבריו שהיה בלבו היום

(f)

Proof#1: It is indeed apparent that the reason for this law is because we do not believe him that he thought that he is only forbidden today. The Gemara there says, "regarding forced circumstances this is possible." This implies that it is possible that he is telling the truth that he indeed thought that he is only forbidden for today.

והכי נמי אשכחן בפ' ב' דנדרים (דף כ.) דמפליג בין ת"ח לע"ה גבי נדר בחרם ואמר לא נדרתי אלא בחרמו של ים

(g)

Proof#2: This is also found in Nedarim (20a). The Gemara there makes a distinction between a Talmid Chacham and Am ha'Aretz regarding someone who made a Neder with the term Cheirem, and explains that he only made a Neder regarding a fishing net (called "Chermo Shel Yam").

ואי הוה אמרינן דגבי אונסא אפי' מדירו על דעתו שרי הוה אתי שפיר דבלא אונס אסור אפי' אומר בלבו כדמשמע בסוף פירקין (דף כט.) גבי משה שהשביע את ישראל על דעת הקב"ה ועל דעתו

1.

Proof(cont.): If we would say that regarding forced circumstances, even if the bandit made him swear on his own (the bandit's) understanding it is permitted, this would be understandable. Without forced circumstances this is forbidden, even if he does have a different intent in his heart, as is implied later (29a) regarding Moshe who made Bnei Yisrael take an oath based on Hash-m and on his understanding.

ועוד נראה דהכא דסתם פת הוי דחטין להכי שרי אפי' שלא במקום אונס

(h)

Answer#2: Additionally, it seems that being that bread in general refers to wheat bread, it is therefore permitted to swear in this fashion even when a person is not under duress.

ואם תאמר בההיא דריש מס' נזיר (דף ב:) דתנן האומר אהא הרי זה נזיר ופריך בגמ' דלמא אהא בתענית קאמר ומוקי שמואל כגון שהיה נזיר עובר לפניו ופריך דלמא לפטרו מקרבנותיו קאמר ומשני דאמר בלבו והשתא כיון דגמר בלבו להיות נזיר למה לי נזיר עובר לפניו הא הכא לא בעינן פת חטין עובר לפניו

(i)

Question: In Nazir (2b), the Mishnah says that if someone says, "I will be" he is a Nazir. The Gemara asks, perhaps he means that he will be fast? Shmuel establishes that the case is where a Nazir is walking by him. The Gemara asks, perhaps he just means that he will pay for the Nazir's Korbanos? The Gemara answers, the case is where he said in his heart that he will be a Nazir. If he thinks in his heart that he will be a Nazir, why does he need to have a Nazir pass by him? We do not require in our Gemara that a loaf of bread walk past him while he is making the Neder!

וי"ל דהתם במאי דקאמר אהא לא משמע כלל לשון נזירות אם אין הנזיר עובר לפניו והוי כאילו גמר בלבו להיות נזיר ולא הוציא כלום בשפתיו אבל הכא סתם פת הוי דחטין

(j)

Answer: In that case, when he says, "I will be" there is no implication in his words that he is referring to Nezirus, if it would not be that a Nazir was passing by him. [Without the Nazir passing by] It is as if he concluded in his heart that he will be a Nazir, and did not say anything. However, here bread in general means wheat bread.

11)

TOSFOS DH SHANI HASAM

תוספות ד"ה שאני התם

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains that Shmuel and Rebbi Yitzchak actually agree.)

משמע דהכא מודה שמואל דאין צריך להוציא בשפתיו

(a)

Observation: The Gemara here implies that Shmuel admits that one does not have to verbalize a Neder regarding Terumah and Kodshim.

והא דאמר בספ"ק דחגיגה (דף י. ושם) היתר נדרים פורחים באויר דקאמר ר' יצחק בגמ' יש להם על מה שיסמכו דכתיב וכל נדיב לב ודחי דלמא לאפוקי מדשמואל

(b)

Implied Question: The Mishnah in Chagigah (10a) says that the permission of Nedarim is "floating in the air." In the Gemara there, Rebbi Yitzchak says that they have what to rely upon, as the Pasuk says, "And everyone who is generous of heart." The Gemara pushes aside that perhaps Rebbi Yitzchak is merely coming to exclude Shmuel's law that one must verbalize vows. (This implies Shmuel argues by Kodshim as well!)

לאו משום דלית ליה דשמואל אלא כלומר דלא ס"ל הכא כדשמואל

(c)

Answer: This is not because Rebbi Yitzchak argues on Shmuel. Rather, the Gemara means that Rebbi Yitzchak is merely showing that Shmuel's law does not apply to Terumah and Kodshim. (Shmuel himself agrees this is true.)

12)

TOSFOS DH MI'SHOOM

תוספות ד"ה משום

(SUMMARY: Tosfos explains why the rule of Shnei Kesuvim etc. applies.)

גבי קדשים כתיב שהביאו בעזרה (דה"ב כט) כל נדיב לב עולות וגבי תרומה כתיב (במדבר יח) ונחשב לכם תרומתכם שניטלה במחשבה

(a)

Explanation#1: Regarding Kodshim the Pasuk says, "Anyone who was generous of heart" brought Olos in the Azarah. Regarding Terumah the Pasuk says, "And your Terumah is considered for you" implying that Terumah is taken by thought alone.

ואע"ג דתרומה חול אצל קדשים כדאמר בריש האיש מקדש (קדושין דף מא:) ולא ילפינן מקדשים

(b)

Implied Question: This is despite the fact that Terumah is considered mundane compared to Kodshim, as stated in Kidushin (41b), and we do not derive laws regarding Terumah from Kodshim. (If so, how can we say that the rule of Shnei Kesuvim etc. applies here? We need the Pasuk regarding Terumah, as we would not have been able to derive from Kodshim to Terumah!)

מ"מ קדשים נילפו מיניה הלכך הוו שני כתובים הבאים כאחד

(c)

Answer: Even so, we can derive Kodshim from Terumah. This is why the rule of Shnei Kesuvim still applies.

ובקונט' פי' דתרומה היינו תרומת המשכן דכתיב וכל נדיב לב הביאו

(d)

Explanation#2: Rashi explains that Terumah refers to the Terumah of the Mishkan, as the Pasuk says, "And anyone generous of heart brought etc."

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